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Contents

SOURCESSources for the Series

The 95 sources behind data/curated/series.csv (G.8), in short: body, title and date. The number beside each leads to its full entry, with its web address, in Sources, the list of references for all thirteen documents. A series with no outside source (our arithmetic, an assumption, or a figure we could not reach) says so in the file's own source column. The models' own sources are named beside each parameter in G.1.

  1. S.6 MSE. Response to Motion on Hawker Culture — Dr Koh Poh Koon (13 Nov 2024). G.8.
  2. S.13 MSE. Oral reply to PQ on impact on hawkers' earnings and affordability (Leon Perera) (4 Apr 2022). G.3, G.8.
  3. S.16 MSE. Written reply to parliamentary question on hawker stall subletting and Hawker Succession Scheme (22 Sep 2025). G.8.
  4. S.37 NEA. Singapore Rental Policy for Stalls in Hawker Centres and Wet Markets (NEA rental policy summary, via WIEGO) (Sep 2019). G.8.
  5. S.41 MSE. Oral reply to PQs on hawker stall rental (14 Oct 2024). G.8.
  6. S.44 NEA. December 2022 tender notice (Dec 2022). G.8.
  7. S.45 NEA. August 2024 tender notice (Aug 2024). G.8.
  8. S.52 NEA. New measures to deter high bids for hawker stalls (4 Nov 2024). G.8.
  9. S.56 Mothership. China Street Fritters puts its recipe and business up for sale (Jun 2022). G.3.
  10. S.57 Mothership. Koung's Wan Tan Mee to close; bids for its recipe turned down (Aug 2023). G.3.
  11. S.58 Mothership. Toa Payoh bak chor mee stall asks $500,000 for its recipe (Aug 2022). G.3.
  12. S.59 Mothership. Yong Huat Hokkien mee sells its stall and recipes for $20,000 (Aug 2020). G.3.
  13. S.65 Ministry of Trade and Industry. Examining the cost drivers of hawker food prices (Economic Survey feature article, 1Q 2015). G.3.
  14. S.72 NEA. Support for stallholders (rent support) (Jul 2026). G.8.
  15. S.204 Office of the Leader of the Opposition. Office of the Leader of the Opposition, reproducing MSE's written reply on the Hawkers' Development Programme (Louis Chua), 2 Jul 2024 (566, 120, 29 and 16). G.8.
  16. S.273 Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy, NUS. Cooking or Cooked? (Futures of Singapore hawker culture case study) (Apr 2024). G.3.
  17. S.274 MSE. Written reply to PQ on hawker programmes (median hawker age). G.8.
  18. S.296 TODAY (republished by Malay Mail). The long read: Singaporeans want cheap and good hawker food, hawkers need to make money — how do we square the circle? (22 Jul 2024). G.3.
  19. S.298 Enterprise Singapore. Government subsidy under Hawkers Go Digital programme extended for another year (Oct 2024). G.8.
  20. S.299 MSE. Rents and fees, 2025 medians (MSE written reply, 8 Sep 2026). G.8.
  21. S.301 Home & Decor. How to rent a HDB coffee shop stall? (Pay $4,000 to $10,000 rent monthly) (1 Apr 2026). G.3.
  22. S.306 Grab. GrabFood merchant sign-up: service fee (28 Oct 2026). G.8.
  23. S.330 Ministry of National Development. Data on HDB coffee shops tenanted to F&B chains and to independent operators (written answer, via the Office of the Leader of the Opposition) (8 May 2024). G.8.
  24. S.331 Singapore Department of Statistics. Household Expenditure Survey 2023. G.8.
  25. S.332 Singapore Department of Statistics. Food & beverage services infographic. G.8.
  26. S.334 Mothership. July 2026 rental support for hawkers (Jul 2026). G.8.
  27. S.343 Ministry of Trade and Industry. Written reply comparing rental costs with revenue and gross operating surplus in retail and F&B, 2019–2024 (7 Apr 2026). G.8.
  28. S.345 MSE. Oral reply to PQ on support for stallholders at market and food centres (LTVP assistants from January 2025) (18 Feb 2025). G.8.
  29. S.346 MOM. Recommendations on the Food Services PWM, 2026–2028 (16 Mar 2026). G.8.
  30. S.348 SingStat. Rebasing of the Consumer Price Index (2019 as base year) (Feb 2020). G.8.
  31. S.349 SingStat. Import and export price indices, April 2018 (2012 = 100) (May 2018). G.8.
  32. S.350 SingStat. Import and export price indices, November 2019 (2018 = 100) (Dec 2019). G.8.
  33. S.351 Energy Market Authority. Annual electricity tariffs by component (low tension), 2005–2022. G.8.
  34. S.352 SP Group. Tariff information: electricity and gas, 1 Oct–31 Dec 2026 (Oct 2026). G.8.
  35. S.353 Sunollo. Singapore electricity price tracker (quarterly tariffs 2022–2026). G.8.
  36. S.354 NEA. Revision to service and conservancy charges for MSE-owned markets and hawker centres (3 Jun 2023). G.8.
  37. S.356 NEA. Allow local hawkers a decent livelihood while providing affordable food options (reply) (9 Jan 2020). G.8.
  38. S.357 MSE. Written reply to PQ on centralised dishwashing services (3 Oct 2022). G.8.
  39. S.358 MSE. Written reply to PQ on SEHCs (5 Oct 2021). G.8.
  40. S.359 MSE. Written reply to PQ on F&B licensing cost and waivers (3 Nov 2021). G.8.
  41. S.360 MOM. Tripartite Cluster for Cleaners report (Dec 2016). G.8.
  42. S.361 Institute of Policy Studies (Goh Zhang Hao, Leong Chan Hoong, Varian Lim). Makan Index 2017: an indicator for cost of eating out in Singapore, IPS Working Papers No. 29 (May 2018). G.8.
  43. S.362 Institute of Policy Studies (Teo Kay Key, Hanniel Lim, Mindy Chong). Commentary: Rising prices of hawker meals offer food for thought over deeper underlying issues (28 Mar 2023). G.8.
  44. S.363 Seth Lui. 8 unspoken problems that some Singapore hawkers face (Jul 2024). G.8.
  45. S.364 Ministry of Trade and Industry. Minister Lim Hng Kiang's written reply on prices of hawker food and common household groceries (hawker-food CPI rates, 2010–14) (13 Feb 2015). G.8.
  46. S.365 Ministry of Trade and Industry. Written reply on increase in rent for food establishments (F&B rents outside hawker centres, 2000–2019) (1 Aug 2022). G.8.
  47. S.366 Ministry of Trade and Industry. Written reply on rental costs: rent as a share of total business costs (1 Aug 2022). G.8.
  48. S.367 Department of Statistics (via data.gov.sg). Food & Beverage Services Index (2017 = 100), at current prices, annual (5 Feb 2026). G.8.
  49. S.368 Department of Statistics (via data.gov.sg). Food & Beverage Services Index (2017 = 100), in chained volume terms, annual (5 Feb 2026). G.8.
  50. S.369 Department of Statistics. Retail Sales Index and Food & Beverage Services Index, March 2026 (2025 = 100) (5 May 2026). G.8.
  51. S.370 Department of Statistics. Retail Sales Index and Food & Beverage Services Index, April 2026 (2025 = 100) (5 Jun 2026). G.8.
  52. S.371 Department of Statistics. Retail Sales Index and Food & Beverage Services Index, May 2026 (2025 = 100) (6 Jul 2026). G.8.
  53. S.372 Department of Statistics. Rebasing of the Retail Sales and Food & Beverage Services Indices (2025 as base year), Statistics Singapore Newsletter, Issue 1, 2026 (Mar 2026). G.8.
  54. S.373 MOM. Median gross monthly income from work of full-time employed residents, 2015–2025 (2026). G.8.
  55. S.374 NEA. NEA has put in place various measures to moderate hawker stall rents (reply to a Lianhe Zaobao reader) (14 Aug 2020). G.8.
  56. S.376 Asia News Network (republishing The Straits Times). Why should we bear the burden of budget meals and app discounts, some Singaporean hawkers ask (The Straits Times) (22 Aug 2025). G.8.
  57. S.378 CEIC (secondary; SingStat's data). Singapore average retail prices (prepared food items), 2014–2024 (2025). G.8.
  58. S.379 Dollars and Sense (secondary; SingStat's data). Inflation Watch: things getting more expensive (Feb 2021 against Feb 2022 average prices) (Mar 2022). G.8.
  59. S.380 Vulcan Post (secondary; SingStat newsletter). Hawker food prices in Singapore in 2023 marks highest increase since 2008 (27 May 2024). G.8.
  60. S.388 NEA. August 2026 tender notice (Aug 2026). G.8.
  61. S.389 MOM. Progressive Wage Model: cleaning sector. G.8.
  62. S.390 MSE. Median rent for hawker stalls (5 Feb 2025). G.8.
  63. S.396 Singapore Department of Statistics. Consumer Price Index, December 2025 (Dec 2025). G.8.
  64. S.397 SingStat. Import and export price indices, August 2026 (2023 = 100). G.8.
  65. S.399 Vulcan Post. Grab's breakdown of merchant commission (17 Apr 2020). G.8.
  66. S.401 SingStat. Consumer Price Index, December 2024 (2019 = 100). G.8.
  67. S.402 SingStat. Consumer Price Index, September 2026 (2024 = 100). G.8.
  68. S.403 SingStat. Import and export price indices, December 2023 (2018 = 100). G.8.
  69. S.406 Malay Mail, reporting CNA. HDB drops the mandatory budget-meal rule; to collect stall rents (10 Jan 2026). G.8.
  70. S.410 NCCS. Carbon tax. G.8.
  71. S.411 MSE. Written reply to parliamentary question on cost increases faced by hawkers (4 Aug 2026). G.8.
  72. S.414 MustShareNews. Electricity and gas tariffs fall in Q4 2026 (1 Oct 2026). G.8.
  73. S.418 MSE. Oral reply to PQ on hawker stall rentals (9 Sep 2024). G.3.
  74. S.419 MSE. Written reply to PQ on rental rates for non-subsidised hawkers (5 Feb 2024). G.8.
  75. S.423 MSE. Hawker centre rents (18 Sep 2023). G.8.
  76. S.433 Mothership. Record $7,911 bid for a stall at Maxwell Food Centre (Oct 2026). G.3.
  77. S.434 Institute of Policy Studies. When hawker brands expand: impact and implications of commodification (Jun 2024). G.3.
  78. S.435 Leong Mun Wai. Motion on hawker culture: opening speech (Nov 2024). G.3.
  79. S.436 Al Jazeera. Coronavirus eats into Singapore's struggling hawker trade (May 2020). G.3.
  80. S.437 Yahoo News. Former Singapore Airlines flight attendant's nasi lemak business (Nasi Lemak Ayam Taliwang). G.3.
  81. S.438 Malay Mail. Singapore hawker stalls see spike in sales after Bib Gourmand listing (24 Jun 2017). G.3.
  82. S.439 Vulcan Post. Hawker Chan: the world's cheapest Michelin-starred meal (Jan 2021). G.3.
  83. S.440 Tabla. A mutton soup stall on $1 rent (Dec 2024). G.3.
  84. S.441 SingSaver. The true cost of running a hawker stall in Singapore (Dollars and Sense) (2016). G.3.
  85. S.442 Mothership. Yishun coffeeshop stall rents (Sep 2022). G.3.
  86. S.443 Mothership. Toa Payoh coffeeshop rents double (May 2022). G.3.
  87. S.444 KitchenUnionSG. How much does a hawker make in Singapore? (Oct 2024). G.3.
  88. S.445 Reddit. Thread on hawker earnings, r/singapore (Dec 2025). G.3.
  89. S.446 Asia News Network. Singapore's hawker food prices rose by 6.1% in 2023, but cost pressures easing (The Straits Times) (May 2024). G.8.
  90. S.447 AsiaOne. Fees at operator-run and existing hawker centres (table cleaning, S&CC, median rent) (19 Nov 2018). G.8.
  91. S.448 CommercialGuru. Stallholders at new hawker centres to enjoy lower rents (ST reprint) (27 Aug 2019). G.8.
  92. S.449 IRAS. Current GST rates; registration threshold (2026). G.8.
  93. S.450 Leader of the Opposition office. MND written answer on location of coffee shops and high transacted prices (Jamus Lim), as republished (5 Jul 2022). G.8.
  94. S.451 MOM. 41,000 food services workers to benefit from new Food Services PWM recommendations (15 Feb 2023). G.8.
  95. S.452 MOM. Annex B: Progressive Wage Model and TCC (PWM wage points) (2014). G.8.
  96. S.453 MOM. Food Services PWM infographic (2023) (Feb 2023). G.8.
  97. S.454 MOM. Progressive Wage Model for the food services sector (2026). G.8.
  98. S.455 MSE. MSE written reply, 7 May 2024 ($1,600 median at comparable NEA-managed centres as at 31 Mar 2024). G.8.
  99. S.456 MSE. Written reply to PQ on hawker stalls left empty in last three years (Joan Pereira) (1 Aug 2022). G.8.
  100. S.457 MSE. Written reply to PQ on hawkers exiting the trade (Leon Perera) (20 Mar 2023). G.8.
  101. S.458 MSE. Written reply to PQ on prolonged vacancies for hawker and/or wet market stalls (Kenneth Goh) (24 Feb 2026). G.8.
  102. S.459 MTI. Examining the cost drivers of hawker food prices (Economic Survey feature, 1Q2015) (May 2015). G.8.
  103. S.460 Mothership. Eating out at hawker centres, food courts & kopitiams 3 times a day costs about S$17: IPS study (14 Mar 2023). G.8.
  104. S.461 MustShareNews. Toa Payoh is cheapest place to dine out, Bishan most expensive: IPS study (Mar 2023). G.8.
  105. S.462 MustShareNews. The inflation impact in S'pore as measured by a plate of chicken rice (Oct 2022). G.8.
  106. S.463 NEA. Tender bids for hawker stalls from January 2019 to May 2026 (Jun 2026). G.8.
  107. S.464 NTUC. Industries covered under PWM see steady wage growth: MOM report (25 Jun 2024). G.8.
  108. S.465 NUS BIZBeat. Hawker food prices rose by 6.1% in 2023, but cost pressures easing (reproduced from The Straits Times) (27 May 2024). G.8.
  109. S.466 SingStat e-book. Food Establishments: licensed food establishments 2017-2024 (SFA) (2025). G.8.
  110. S.467 SingStat via data.gov.sg. Details Of Operating Expenditure For All Services Industries, Annual (2010-2024), TS/M601501 (2026). G.8.
  111. S.468 SingStat via data.gov.sg. Online Food & Beverage Sales Proportion, Monthly (Jan 2019-Dec 2025) (2026). G.8.
  112. S.469 SingStat. CPI for household income groups, 2H2019 (2014=100): food +1.4% 2018, +1.5% 2019 (2020). G.8.
  113. S.470 SingStat. Consumer Price Index, January 2020 (2019=100), Table 2A (Feb 2020). G.8.
  114. S.471 SingStat. Hawker Food Price Trends Across Cooked Food Establishment Types (2019 as Base Year), Statistics Singapore Newsletter Issue 1 2024 (6 May 2024). G.8.
  115. S.472 The Online Citizen. Jurong West Hawker Centre centralised cleaning charge (Nov 2018). G.8.
  116. S.473 The Online Citizen. NEA revises rental renewal policy for hawkers to discourage excessively high tender bids (4 Nov 2024). G.8.
  117. S.474 The Straits Times. Prata is cheaper in the west while kopi is cheaper in central S'pore: IPS study (Goh Yan Han) (15 Mar 2023). G.8.

This is a working paper for public discussion. Every number in it is an invitation to improve it. Corrections and better data are welcome.